International Conference on Gastroenterology and Endocrinology October 05-06, 2020 Barcelona, Spain

Colon polyps are developments on the lining of your colon or large intestine and it is a part of digestive tract, it is harmful. But a number of can turn into colon cancer over time. Colorectal cancer rises from the inner lining of the large intestine, also known as the colon. Tumors may also rise from the inner lining of the final part of the digestive tract, called the rectum. Colorectal cancer may also grow from areas of abnormal cells in the lining of the colon or rectum.

Irritable bowel syndrome is also called as spastic colon, irritable colon, mucous colitis, and spastic colitis.  It is a divided condition from inflammatory bowel disease and isn’t related to other bowel conditions. Irritable bowel syndrome is a group of intestinal symptoms that naturally occur together. The symptoms of  Irritable bowel syndrome typically are cramping, abdominal pain, bloating and gas, constipation, diarrhea.

Bariatric surgery is also known as gastric bypass. Gastric bypass and other weight-loss surgeries make change in digestive system and help to lose weight by limiting food or by reducing the absorption of nutrients. Gastric bypass are done when diet and exercise haven't done or when it causes serious health problems because of weight. Many surgeons prefer gastric bypass surgery because it causes fewer complications than do other weight-loss surgeries. Still, many forms of surgery include gastric bypass. And they have major procedures that can pose serious risks and side effects.

Hemorrhoids, also called as piles, they are swollen veins in the lower part of the anus and rectum. The walls of these vessels are stretched; they turn out to be irritated. Hemorrhoids can grow inside the rectum (internal hemorrhoids) or under the skin around the anus (external hemorrhoids).

Internal hemorrhoids

Internal hemorrhoids lie inside the rectum. You commonly can't see or feel them, and they rarely cause discomfort. But straining or irritation when passing stool can cause painless bleeding during bowel movements. You might see small amounts of bright red blood on your toilet tissue or in the toilet. A hemorrhoid to push through the anal opening (prolapsed or protruding hemorrhoid), resulting in pain and irritation.

External hemorrhoids

These are under the skin around your anus. Signs and symptoms might include Itching or irritation in your anal region, Pain or discomfort, Swelling around your anus, Bleeding.

Hepatology is the branch of medicine which deals with the study of liver, gallbladder, biliary tree and pancreas.  Diseases and its complications are related to viral hepatitis and alcohol. Hepatitis B and hepatitis C are major causes of liver cancer, while alcohol abuse is related to the conditions such as cirrhosis and other serious complications. 

Digestive bleeding in the digestive tract is a symptom for occurring a problem rather than a disease. It generally happens due to conditions that can be cured or controlled, such as hemorrhoids. Bleeding can cause from one or more areas. An ulcer on the lining of the stomach or from a broader problem such as inflammation of the colon.

The blood frequently appears in stool or vomit but isn't always visible, though it may lead the stool to look black or tarry. The level of bleeding can ranges from mild to severe and it can be life-threatening. Also it leads to have lightheadedness, difficulty breathing, fainting, chest pain and abdominal pain.

Gastric cancer occurs in which malignant cancer cells form in the lining of the stomach. Where in early stages of gastric cancer the symptoms are indigestion with stomach discomfort, bloated feeling after eating,  mild nausea, loss of appetite and heartburn.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors  begins in special cells in the wall of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, also called as the digestive tract. The tumors start from the early forms of special cells in the wall of the GI tract called the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs). ICCs are the cells of an autonomic nervous system, the part of the nervous system that regulates body processes such as digesting food. ICCs are sometimes known as the “pacemakers” of the GI tract, because they send signal to the muscles in the GI tract to contract the movement of food and liquid along. More than Half of GISTs starts in the stomach and some start from small intestine and can start anywhere along the GI tract.

Other GI tract cancers

Cancers can start anywhere in the GI tract − from the esophagus to the anus. Most GI tract cancers, including those of the esophagus, stomach, colon, and rectum, start in the gland cells that line almost the entire GI tract. The cancers that grows in these cells are called adenocarcinomas.

Cancers can also start in squamous cells, which are flat cells that line some parts of the GI tract, like the upper part of the esophagus and the end of the anus. Cancers starting in these cells are called squamous cell carcinomas.

An endoscopy procedure involves inserting a long, flexible tube (endoscope) inside the throat of the  esophagus. A tiny camera on the end of the endoscope is attached. It is used to treat conditions that affect the upper part of your digestive system, including the esophagus stomach and beginning of the small intestine (duodenum).Upper Endoscopy is used for Diagnosing Heartburn and Reflux.

Functional gastrointestinal disorders are common disorders that are characterize by persistent and recurring GI symptoms. It occurs as a result of abnormal functioning of the GI tract. They are not caused by the structural (tumors or masses) or biochemical abnormalities. There are three primary features of Functional gastrointestinal disorders  that is  motility, sensation, and brain-gut dysfunction.

Motility is the muscular activity of the GI tract, which is essentially a hollow and muscular tube. Normal motility (e.g., peristalsis) is an orderly sequence of muscular contractions from top to bottom. In FGIDs, the motility is abnormal. There can be muscular spasms that cause pain and it contracts can be very rapid, very slow or disorganized.

Sensation is how the nerves of the GI tract respond to stimuli (e.g., digesting a meal). In functional GI disorders, the nerves are can be so sensitive that even normal contractions can bring pain or discomfort.

Brain-gut dysfunction is the disharmony in a way that the brain and GI system communicate. With FGIDs, the regulatory conduit between brain and gut function possibly impaired.

Neuroendocrine tumors manifest in the gastrointestinal tract mainly as carcinoid and pancreatic islet-cell tumors. They comprise an interesting group of rare neoplasms that are derived from neuroendocrine cells interspersed within the gastrointestinal system amd throughout the body. Neuroendocrine tumors are well known for producing various hormonal syndromes and for their indolent clinical course in most patients, although some of these tumors do not produce hormones of clinical significance. Patients may have symptoms for many years before the diagnosis is suspected and confirmed. Therefore, the index of suspicion must be high in order to diagnose these tumors in a timely fashion.

Symptoms are caused by hormonal excess, local tumor growth, or metastatic spread. Therapy should be dictated by the severity of symptoms and the pace of the disease. Surgical extirpation remains the only curative modality for localized disease, but palliation of hormone-related symptoms can be achieved with the somatostatin analog octreotide (Sandostatin) in a significant proportion of patients. Combination chemotherapy, biologic response modifiers, vascular occlusion treatment, and newer somatostatin analogs are being used for the treatment of metastatic disease.

Metabolism and endocrinology underlie each part of our lives, from the working of a solitary cell through to our capacity to run a long distance race. In this manner, it isn't astounding that abandons in endocrine or metabolic capacity underlie such a large number of regular human illnesses, including malignant growth, cardiovascular infection, diabetes, and neurodegenerative issue. Our area of expertise has a long and recognized history of metabolic and endocrine research. This incorporates the spearheading investigations of Haldane and Douglas into human breath and digestion. It likewise incorporates crafted by Geoffrey Harris, who demonstrated that the front pituitary is managed by variables discharged from hypothalamic neurons, and who many consider being the "establishing father" of neuroendocrinology. All the more as of late, essential science from our area of expertise has changed treatment for patients with neonatal diabetes and to improve the execution of perseverance competitors. Today, our examinations stay coordinated at understanding essential physiological instruments, how these are disabled in sickness, with a definitive objective of making new helpful ways to deal with an infection.

• Thyroid growths
• Hyperthyroidism
• Endocrine disorders
• Hormone metabolism
• Molecular endocrinology

Obesity is a complex disorder involving an over the top measure of muscle to fat ratio. Obesity isn't only a restorative concern. It expands your danger of infections and medical issues, for example, coronary illness, diabetes, and hypertension. Being extremely obese means you are particularly liable to have medical issues identified with your weight. Fortunately, even humble weight reduction can improve or keep the medical issues related to heftiness. Dietary changes expanded the physical movement, and conduct changes can enable you to get more fit. Physician recommended drugs and weight reduction medical procedure are extra alternatives for treating Obesity. Obesity is analyzed when your weight record (BMI) is 30 or higher. Your weight list is determined by partitioning your weight in kilograms (kg) by your tallness in meters (m) squared.

• Body mass index
• Control of obesity
• Weight management
• Advanced treatment for obesity
• Endocrinal and hormonal obesity

Endocrinology is a part of science and medicament managing the endocrine framework, its maladies and its particular discharges known as hormones, development advancement and danger. Metabolic disorder is else called disorder X, insulin obstruction disorder, or dysmetabolic disorder. Metabolic disorder is a medicinal issue brings about development of group of conditions that incorporates, expanded circulatory strain, high glucose, and surplus muscle to fat ratio around the abdomen, and strange cholesterol or triglyceride levels that happen together, increasing your danger of coronary illness, stroke and diabetes. Metabolic disorder is firmly connected to overweight or weight and dormancy and furthermore connected to a condition called insulin opposition. Hereditary variables impact every single segment of the disorder, and the disorder itself.

Reproductive endocrinology is a branch of medicine that classifies and treats infertility in both men and women. It is a sub-specialty of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. The hormonal functioning as it indirectly relate to reproduction. Assessment and treatment of hormonal dysfunctions in females and males outside infertility is done. Reproductive endocrinologists have superior training in obstetrics and gynaecology before they undergo sub-specialty training in Reproductive endocrinology and infertility.

• Tumors can occur in any of the major endocrine glands, including the thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary and adrenal glands, and the pancreas.

• Thyroid gland: About 90 percent of all endocrine cancers develop in the thyroid gland (a butterfly-shaped organ in the lower neck).

• Pituitary gland: A pea-sized organ attached to the brain, the pituitary gland produces hormones that influence growth and fertility.

• Adrenal gland: The two adrenal glands, which reside just above the kidneys, produce hormones that regulate metabolism (cortisol), the stress response (adrenaline), blood pressure (aldosteroneer) and certain sexual characteristics (androgens).

• Pancreas: Though the pancreas plays an active role in the digestive system, it’s also the source of important hormones, including insulin. Rare tumors can produce too much insulin or other related hormones, which can impact blood sugar levels.

Reproductive Endocrinology is a sub-specialty of Gynecology & Obstetrics. Reproductive endocrinologist is a very important part of obstetrics and gynecology in which physician is trained in reproductive medicine explaining about the hormonal functioning as it is indirectly related to reproduction. They are prepared to evaluate and treat malfunctioning in males and females outside infertility. Reproductive endocrinologists have specific training in obstetrics and gynecology before they undergo sub-specialty training in Reproductive endocrinology and infertility.

Male Endocrinology

The glands testes produce abnormally low amounts of testosterone, may receive testosterone replacement therapy. For some men, lower than normal testosterone produces no apparent effects; for others, effects of this condition may include:

• Reduced sexual function, in terms of desire, erections and fertility
• Reduced muscle size and strength, more body fat and lower bone density
• Insomnia or other sleep problems

Female endocrinology

Female endocrinology has to do largely with the reproductive cycle driven by estrogen and other cyclical female hormones. Related issues that the endocrinologist may help evaluate:

• Heavy, light or absent menses
• Premenstrual syndrome
• Abnormalities that may produce symptoms that cycle with menses, such as ovarian cysts or uterine fibroids
• Early or delayed menarche
• Menstrual irregularity

Diabetic nephropathy is a disease/ the damage caused by diabetes to your kidney, which in some sever cases can lead to kidney failure. The waste from our blood is filtered by tiny blood vessels present in our kidney, and they can be destroyed by high sugar level in our body. The body retains excess salts and water than required leading to weight gain and ankle swelling. This leads to malfunction or kidney failure in further stages. No symptoms are shown in primary stages so, regular urine tests are required to detect kidney damage.

Diabetes may also lead to damage to nerves, which can lead to difficulty in emptying bladder and creating pressure injuring your kidney. Long time retention of urine in bladder leads to infections as bacterial growth in urine with high blood sugar level is high.

About 10 to 40 % of those with Type 2 diabetes  and 30% of patients with Type 1 diabetes  gradually will suffer from kidney failure.

Clinical trials are part of clinical research and at the heart of all medical advances. Clinical trials look at new ways to prevent, detect, or treat disease. Scientists are conducting research to learn more about diabetes, including the following studies

The Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study is following more than 5,000 people across the country who have type 2 diabetes to find out which combination of two diabetes medicines is best for blood glucose, also called blood sugar, management; has the fewest side effects; and is the most helpful for overall health in long-term diabetes treatment.

Trial Net: It is conducting research studies around the world, including risk screening for relatives of people with type 1 diabetes, monitoring for people at risk, and innovative clinical trials aimed at slowing down or stopping the disease

• Government-Sponsored Trials in Diabetes
• The NIDDK Clinical Trial Development Process
• Developing Informative Clinical Trials for a Chronic, Heterogeneous Disease
• NIDDK: A Model for Clinical Trial Collaborations
• A Network Approach To Type 1 Diabetes Trials
•  Case Study: Government- Vs. Industry-Sponsored Trials In Type 2 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes: It is usually caused by auto-immune reaction whereas the body’s defense system attacks the cells that produce insulin. The main reason for this is not fully understood. People with type 1 diabetes produce very less insulin. People with this form of diabetes need injection of the insulin every day in order to control the glucose levels in their blood.

Type 2 diabetes: It is used to be called non-insulin adult-onset type of diabetes, and this accounts for at least 90% of cases. It is characterized by relative insulin resistance and insulin deficiency, either of which may be present at the time diabetes is recognized. People with this type of diabetes can initially manage their condition through exercise and diet.

Does "diet" promptly make you think about a terrible weight reduction routine? In the event that it did, you are most likely not the only one. For instance, consider the utilization of the expression "diet" in advertising sustenance items it, for the most part, portrays nourishments low in calories, for example, diet soft drink. However, there is another sign of this word. Diet can likewise allude to the nourishment and drink an individual devours day by day and the psychological and physical conditions associated with eating. Nutrition involves more than basically eating a "decent" diet it is about sustenance on each dimension. It includes associations with family, companions, nature (the earth), our bodies, our locale, and the world.

• Fat burning foods
• Low-density lipoproteins
• Vitamins for weight loss
• Diet & weight management
• Atkins diet for obese persons
• Dietary approaches for weight loss
• Consuming fresh fruits & vegetables